The concept of “being first” is important to so many of
us.
The concept seems to take hold in the history arena as
well. No matter the subject matter students of
history always seem to be interested in the concept of being first.
Who was the first to fire a shot during a battle?
Who was the first soldier to sacrifice his life?
What was the first legislation passed by Congress once
they moved into the U.S. Capitol building?
Who stepped off the Mayflower first?
….and of course, there are always “first” questions as
far as Exploration goes. Those types of
“firsts” aren’t always set in stone though.
As new evidence is discovered the coveted title of “being first” changes…..and
sometimes those changes are a little slow as far as making their way into our
classrooms and into our collective memories.
If I asked most of you about the first European
settlement in the present-day United States some of you would search your
memories and answer Roanoke or Jamestown.
You would be wrong.
Some of you might tell me St. Augustine, Florida. That would be a logical choice since I’m
asking for the first European settlement which could include lots of folks –
the Dutch, the French, and in the case of St. Augustine…..the Spanish.
St. Augustine actually holds the title for the oldest continually
inhabited city in North America…since 1565.
I wrote about some of the interesting events that have occurred there in
my post My St. Augustine.
Actually, if we wanted to identify the first European
settlement…..we would need to look to the Georgia coast.
I know…I know….nothing ever really happens here, right?
Wrong.
The settlement’s name was San Miguel de Gualdape. A Spaniard named Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon is
identified as its founder in 1526. This
means the settlement was founded six decades before Roanoke, eight decades
before Jamestown and a century before the Mayflower.
Perhaps you never heard about it because like many
settlements throughout our history it was abandoned, but it’s still an
interesting bit of history, and its implications are great.
For one thing most historians agree that the settlement
was near Georgia’s Sapelo Island and de
Ayllon not only took several dozen horses with him and 600 colonists but over
100 African slaves as well…….100 slaves that revolted against those that
enslaved them in 1527.
Think about that for a minute……slaves in Georgia as early
as 1526 and a shortly thereafter history records the first slave revolt.
It’s not surprising.
My research indicates the new settlement had issues from the very start
regarding leadership, starvation and disease.
The slaves ended up disappearing into the surrounding countryside and
melted into the Native American communities in the area.
The Spaniards abandoned the colony leaving the runaway
slaves.
Get this clear in your
head.
The Spaniards left.
The escaped slaves….the Africans, didn’t.
Hmmm….so, could it
be argued the first long-term settlers happened to be African slaves rather
than Europeans?
Many people
theorize the community of slaves developed into the Melungeons. William Loren
Katz in his book titled Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage actually calls the area around the Peedee River the “first
foreign colony in the United States.”
David Parker, a professor at Kennesaw State College
provides more details regarding de Ayllon at his blog. Parker advises:
[The settlement of]San Miguel was
the work of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, a Spanish-born nobleman who came to
Hispaniola (present day Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1504 as a judge.
Columbus had “discovered” Hispaniola just a dozen years earlier, but the
Spanish had developed it quickly, because of the island’s gold and its native
population (which the Spanish found they could easily enslave). Judge Ayllón
was able to win the favor of some of the wealthy Spanish officials on the
island, and he soon began to build up his own landholdings and personal wealth.
As the island’s gold began to peter out, Ayllón and others shifted to sugar
plantations, still using the natives as slave labor.
The Spanish on Hispaniola found that they were using up the island’s natives at an alarming rate. Ayllón saw the potential profits of slave trading and entered that business, importing natives kidnapped from the Bahamas and other islands and selling them on Hispaniola.
Meanwhile, the Spanish in the Caribbean remained generally unaware of a much larger land mass just north of them. A few explorers had visited mainland North America (Columbus never did). Knowledge of the continent was very sparse, however, and in fact it was often referred to as just another “island.”
In 1521, Francisco Gordillo, one of Ayllón’s chief slave raiders, was unable to find a sufficient number of natives in the Bahamas, so he decided to try his luck elsewhere. He sailed northwest, making landfall near present day Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. He briefly explored the area (called “Chicora”), then lured 60 natives onto his ship and set sail for Hispaniola.
In his report to Ayllón, Gordillo described Chicora as a beautiful place, full of natural resources, looking much like Spain itself, and full of natives. Ayllón was fascinated by the potential of Gordillo’s discovery. Who knew there were so many possibilities there? Earlier voyages, such as Ponce de Leon’s, had not begun to hint at such a thing. Ayllón quickly went to Spain and asked King Charles for the right to colonize Chicora. Charles granted Ayllón's wish.
In July 1526, Ayllón left Hispaniola with 600 people (including several African slaves), along with supplies and animals, on six ships. He reached the Carolina coast in early August, but failed to find any Indians there. The ships moved slowly south, hugging the coast, looking for a location that contained both a good site for a new colony and the Native Americans Ayllón was so interested in finding.
The Spanish on Hispaniola found that they were using up the island’s natives at an alarming rate. Ayllón saw the potential profits of slave trading and entered that business, importing natives kidnapped from the Bahamas and other islands and selling them on Hispaniola.
Meanwhile, the Spanish in the Caribbean remained generally unaware of a much larger land mass just north of them. A few explorers had visited mainland North America (Columbus never did). Knowledge of the continent was very sparse, however, and in fact it was often referred to as just another “island.”
In 1521, Francisco Gordillo, one of Ayllón’s chief slave raiders, was unable to find a sufficient number of natives in the Bahamas, so he decided to try his luck elsewhere. He sailed northwest, making landfall near present day Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. He briefly explored the area (called “Chicora”), then lured 60 natives onto his ship and set sail for Hispaniola.
In his report to Ayllón, Gordillo described Chicora as a beautiful place, full of natural resources, looking much like Spain itself, and full of natives. Ayllón was fascinated by the potential of Gordillo’s discovery. Who knew there were so many possibilities there? Earlier voyages, such as Ponce de Leon’s, had not begun to hint at such a thing. Ayllón quickly went to Spain and asked King Charles for the right to colonize Chicora. Charles granted Ayllón's wish.
In July 1526, Ayllón left Hispaniola with 600 people (including several African slaves), along with supplies and animals, on six ships. He reached the Carolina coast in early August, but failed to find any Indians there. The ships moved slowly south, hugging the coast, looking for a location that contained both a good site for a new colony and the Native Americans Ayllón was so interested in finding.
Finally they stopped in
what is now Georgia. The exact location is still unknown. Historian Paul
Hoffman put it near Sapelo Island; Douglas Peck puts it further north, near the
mouth of the Savannah River. In any case, on September 29, Ayllón found his
spot, named it San Miguel de Gualdape for the festival of Saint Michael
(celebrated that day), and began building his colony.
The houses and the church at San Miguel went up quickly, as did the storage buildings for food and the livestock pens. But the new church’s graveyard began to fill up as Ayllón’s people started to die, from starvation and disease. Ayllón himself succumbed to an unknown disease on October 18. Surviving colonists tried to keep San Miguel going, but it was no good. Indians attacked, black slaves rose up and burned some of the buildings (the first slave revolt in what would become the United States), political disputes split the people, and a cold winter arrived much earlier than anticipated. A few weeks after Ayllón’s death, the colony disbanded. Of the 600 who had left Hispaniola to start the colony, only 150 returned.
And San Miguel de Gualdape, the first European settlement on mainland North America, was no more.
The houses and the church at San Miguel went up quickly, as did the storage buildings for food and the livestock pens. But the new church’s graveyard began to fill up as Ayllón’s people started to die, from starvation and disease. Ayllón himself succumbed to an unknown disease on October 18. Surviving colonists tried to keep San Miguel going, but it was no good. Indians attacked, black slaves rose up and burned some of the buildings (the first slave revolt in what would become the United States), political disputes split the people, and a cold winter arrived much earlier than anticipated. A few weeks after Ayllón’s death, the colony disbanded. Of the 600 who had left Hispaniola to start the colony, only 150 returned.
And San Miguel de Gualdape, the first European settlement on mainland North America, was no more.
While the details surrounding the settlement are
interesting the most facinating point in all this happens to be why the details
aren’t commonly known. William Loren
Katz believes de Ayllon and the settlement attempt has been overlooked for two
reasons…..most American histories tend to begin at the point where Anglo Saxons
arrived (part of that whole “victors write the history” thing) and most
historians tend to want to begin with a success instead of a failure.
It is much more palatable,
right?
It would also be interesting to explore the Melungeon question
in relation to de Ayllon’s slaves who most certainly were left behind and who
more than likely merged their culture with Native Americans in the area.
Even more interesting is the idea that the first
non-Native American people who lived permanently in southeastern United States
were Black and not White.
What do you think?
Do historical “firsts” really matter?
